Critique of the article Overpopulation threatens the environment Essay

Critique of the article Overpopulation threatens the environs - Essay ExampleThe author brings to fore a grave problem that faces the modern world today, by seeing it in a different perspective. He points to the fact that in order to sustain the environment, gentle beings demand to control the renderrates and take immediate action so that the environment is protected for all breathing beings, including humans to survive. According to him, the best means to achieve this objective is to refrain from producing more children and he considers vasectomy as a noble mission of the modern day man, in the face of the current situation. The article, published in the Opposing Viewpoints Series by Green Haven Press, deals mainly with the problem that over population of the estate by the human species has a lot of far-reaching and overwhelmingly destructive impacts on many other creature and plant species (Cascadia 22). The author claims that overpopulation destroys biodiversity on earth t o such a extent that it will become insurmountable for life to sustain on the planet in the long run. The author also argues that The entire storey of humanity is one of environmental destruction and the eradication of other species (Cascadia 22). ... Human encroachment of the environment, and the dire consequences that inhabit them due to over exploitation of the resources, remains a topic of engaging debates across the globe. In this scenario, Cascadia attempts to reemphasize this concern, in a bid to make his consultation take cognizance of the problem. The author uses the literacy devices of logos, pathos, ethos and logical fallacies as surface as statistical data, to put his point convincingly across to his audience. The title itself, simple and precise, communicates the essence of the strive directly to the readers. The author then introduces the topic, referring to the impact of overpopulation and its exponential growth, by referring to the data of births and deaths. In any study mishap such the Asian Tsunami or 9/11, the death toll is much less than the birthrate in a day. By citing statistics such as this, the author illustrates a logic that controlling birth rate is a significant concern for humans in order to protect the environment whose resources are already over consumed. The very logic of the situation amply convinces the readers of the essay about the gravity of the situation. Cascadia appeals to the emotions of his audience by referring to historical context of human migration to different landscapes. By specifically citing the instance of the extinction of mega creature in North America as a consequence of human influx in the sports stadium over 10,000 years ago, the author deftly illustrates the impact excessive human concentration can have on the environment. Again, the authors dexterity in deploying the literary elements of pathos and rhetoric becomes evident when he refers to the example

EVIL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

EVIL - test ExampleTherefore, even the ideal moral judge like theology has to draw arbitrary discover even when deciding on the number of devilish things he would allow therefore, the vague line guarantees that well-nigh evils in the world are gratuitous (Sullivan 398-402). Inwagens strategy and enlightenments to the evil problem are actually significant in enhancing peoples understanding, and rather than giving an entirely critical response, he offers contributions and then(prenominal) explains their significance. Inwagen condemns the normal taxonomy regarding the problem of evil and provides a substitute all of which are important (ukasiewicz 448-450). The disadvantage that Inwagen points step forward includes analytic philosophers haste in categorizing the argument from evil into two, which involves the discursive argument and important argument from evil. The logical problem from evil purports to indicate that the existence of both God and evil is logically impossible nevertheless, defenders of evidential argument from evil grant that the existence of both God and evil to be possible (Van 8). However, Inwagen insists it is unbelievable that God exists given the extent as well as the degree of evil observed hence, he notes that logical as well as evidential distinction are only but relics of history. Furthermore, Inwagen points out historical differences that usually encourage theists to consider sufficient response concerning argument from evil (Shabo 107-110). Instead of the formulaic classifications, Inwagen provides an alternative way of classifying all arguments from evil with their scope of evil that is given as evidence against Gods existence. Inwagens global argument from evil posits that if God existed, then the world would never study evil however, the world has vast amount of evil, which points out that God never exists. On the other hand, Inwagens local argument from evil posits that if God were there, then the world would never hav e particular evil however, the world

Global Geopolitics of the Middle East Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Geopolitics of the Middle East - Essay pillowcaseIt is speculated that this US indifference is entrenched in the inexorable commitment with the state of Israel. This is wherefore the ideology cornerstone planning attacks against the US leading to 9/11 incident is reportedly related to violent discrimination of the masterminds with the US foreign policy which apparently primarily favors Israel. Similarly, majority of the Arabs in the Middle East feel that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has never been evaluated and approached by the US with objectivity. There is widespread animosity for the US foreign policies and the Iraq contend has only intensified the Arab anger for the America. To cap the chaotic political mess, extremely harsh ideas related to the Jews abide in the Middle East. But, this speculation of US indifference is criticized on grounds that it is actually the flawed perceptions held by the Arabs against the US policies in the context of Zionism and Israelis which work to foster anti-Americanism and threat USs national security. This is why the mainstream Middle Eastern ideology that the US politics is based on nepotism has little to do with

How pedagogical principles could be applied to information systems Coursework

How pedagogic principles could be employ to instruction systems likes Intranet in organizations - Coursework ExampleFocusing on this aspect, the essay describes about how pedagogical principles can be applied in information system such as intranet in organisations for better management of information and acquire. pedagogical Principles Pedagogical principles ar effective tool for information management and learning which can demonstrate the aspects to be educated. They are pragmatic and can produce rich set of real-world and instructional experiences which can be pass on used in organisations for solving practical problems. Pedagogical principles are functional proposition of training and familiarity development. These principles simplify the procedure of devising instructive strategies which in turn determine how people experience, have and match to the informative components. Ideally, pedagogical principles are first expressed in general terms and afterwards with complai sance to specific actual learning environment (Anderson & McCormick, 2011). The applicability of pedagogical principles have always considered as elicit topic from the viewpoint of information system. Pedagogical principles are learnd by national, cultural and circumstantial situations. During innovation process, pedagogical principles are developed and applied according to experiences. The implementation of pedagogical principles occurs by perception of regular viability and the influence of market, competitive environment and collective development such as information system (Anderson & McCormick, 2011). There are several pedagogical principles and some of the important principles are as follows. Involvement of learners Pedagogy essential involve the learners and motivate them. This interest group must be evident of being educational, i.e. having educational objectives and inspiring. In other words, learners involvement must be pleasurable that would make them to continue to u se information system (Anderson & McCormick, 2011). Effective learning Another vital pedagogical principle is related with effective learning which can be demo by the utilisation of distinct approaches, allowing learners to extend the knowledge or by providing genuine learning prospects, allowing them to sympathize multiple perspectives on a single subject among others (Anderson & McCormick, 2011). Summative evaluation Summative evaluation is besides an important pedagogic principle which is used for understanding work or educational opportunities. It helps to understand the criteria that are required to be developed for accomplishing better performance (Anderson & McCormick, 2011). Simplicity According to pedagogical principle, learning must be simple, i.e. effective learning should be open, accessible, intuitive and must not necessitate guidance for utilisation. inclusion Pedagogy must support inclusive activities with respect to diverse types s of job accomplishments and wit hin different social or cultural groups (Anderson & McCormick, 2011). Information System in Organisations Information system is the term which is unremarkably used in various fields including business with different purposes. It play vital role in organisations to utilise knowledge and to accomplish strategic organisational objectives. Organisations generally spend considerable amount of money in order to successfully integrate information syst

Wal-Mart Information Technology Systems Support Case Study

Wal-Mart Information Technology Systems Support - Case Study ExampleA procure at any store is reflected at the nerve center in spite of appearance 15 minutes and within an hour, the bon ton has a complete picture of its sales including which among the 690 million items across its stores sell the most. This clarity in the companys performance in real-time is responsible for seamless operations on much(prenominal) a grand scale. Cash register receipts, for example, are backed up in the system and kept up(p) for two years. Having such(prenominal) a rich pool of data on shoppers helps Wal-Mart know their customers acquire trends are enabling the company to treat each of their hundreds of million customers as individuals. The sales statistics of products at Wal-Mart are monitored to the last item, something that gives the company an edge over its competitors because improvements based on this data can be made in the shortest time possible.The Wal-Mart system even goes further to tr ack weather and matches that data with buying patterns. This information allows the retailer to place enough orders for items purchased during a hurricane, for example, so that by the time such a disaster hits, shoppers have enough supply of the much-needed items. Another unique aspect of the Wal-Mart system is its ability to be shared to a limited extent, with suppliers. This IT system has a provider link that shows them the position of their items in real-time at all stores across the world where such products are stocked. With this data, suppliers can make product flows such that the right products are delivered to the right store in time. Having their systems opened up to suppliers brings trust between them and the company as they can transparently monitor the performance of their products from the comfort of their respective premises.

Racism Still Exists in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racism Still Exists in America - Essay ExampleFacts about racialism would be well understood among the Americans if it would be considered for what it actually is an institutional ideology, according to CNN which reported that racism is like a virus that has mutated into a new casting that we dont recognize. There is more to racism than personal hatred. It refers to the belief that a radical of people, identified by unique biological make up are superior to other groups with divers(prenominal) biological make up. The President of Catholic Charities USA, Synder further indicates that racism refers to unearned advantage, conferred dominance, and invisible privilege enjoyed by albumin Americans, to the detriment, burden, and disadvantage of people of color (8). The superior group would thus be allowed to rule economically and socially over the groups considered to be weaker.The situation has been made worse in America due to the many action plans that have been started in the recent past to fight racism in the country. Since the times of capital of Alabama Bus Boycott of 1955 to the 1965 Selma March led by Martin Luther King, the relations were assumed to be headed towards improvement. With every extend forward, the country appeared to be moving backwards in achieving genuine racial reconciliation. In the 20th Century, racism was mainly between the Blacks and the Whites. However, with the immigration of people from different parts of the world into the country, racism now overwhelms repugnance among people from different cultures.... Effects of racism Synder (11) acknowledges that the privileged status of being white did not besides happen accidentally. This had been constructed through time, through social policies, procedures and institutions which deliberately developed a system that promoted the white Americans well-being while greatly hindering opportunities for people of color. Racism has caused people from other cultures in America to scorn their own cultures in favor of Americanism. Alvarez (37) describes her personal experience in America, having emigrated from Dominican Republic where watcher was same with all women. In America, however, beauty was reserved for American girls only. Women from other races would not enjoy what Synders (5) describes as white privileges but would always be socially discriminated due to their different biological traits. This was well demonstrated with the public exposure of Miss America beauty pageant where Julia Alvarez and her sisters were portrayed to admire being American girls to be considered beautiful. The beauty pageant show presented Americanism as desirable and made people from other races appreciate the American risque eyes and blonde hair while despising their biological traits. Such discrimination in beauty contests enhanced racism in the American society. Among the major indications of racism, or otherwise white privilege include economic advantage which has been reserved f or the white Americans through public policy and also through political power over years. Racism results into economic burden and disadvantages people of color. Take for instance the institution of slavery. bondage was just a means to exploit labor where African slaves would be used to create

Youth Justice in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Youth Justice in the UK - Essay ExampleThe seek Youth Justice in the UK discusses the following issue - the commitment to effective practice, in itself highly desirable, has frequently been accompanied by an unwarranted certainty about what works allowing little space for debate. There are various factors that contribute towards explaining this statement.Every individual is unique and forms their own assumptions based on their perceptions. Many of the youth are not very clear about life and its consequences, for the main reason of being young, and their perception of life is sort of different from a matured adult. Wrong perceptions snowball into various conflicts and contradictions which easily leads them towards crime. According to Laurie Mullins, Perception is the ascendant of all organizational behavior any situation can be analyzed in hurt of its perceptual connotations.Another major cause for leading the youth astray is alcohol and drug abuse. The youth are not in a posit ion to understand the dangers behind this and are slowly sucked into a soft of trap that the find very difficult to come out of. As they go deeper, they stop at nothing to satisfy this need. They engage in robbery, petty thefts in the beginning but later on move into much bigger crimes such as extortion and murder. The modern day binge drinking destination has spawned an acceleration of crime. While most people in the UK, drink within safety limits, but regrettably the youth are not so serious about this.

Personal reflective journal examining key positive psychological Essay

Personal reflective journal examining list positive psychological constructs - Essay ExampleEveryone wants to have the freedom to do the things they want to do, this is because everyone abides in the rule of pursuit of happiness. In happiness, humans find glory, peace and freedom. What does it need to be happy? Does a soul need to be rich? Strong? Influential? I believe it is more than that. There atomic number 18 those who have everything in brio, yet they are not happy. And there are those who could not eat one-third times a day but are pretty satisfied with their lives. Take for example the tidy sum in Middle East, they are being thre takened by wars every day. Death, starvation and fear are common elements of their day to day lives, but they could still manage to dream of a bright futurity for them and for their families (Burke, 1993). Whenever I hear success stories of people from Middle East in television, I realize that lifes problems could be overcome by aspiration a nd willingness to succeed.Its Tuesday already,prior to my critical point of acknowledgment I was less of an ordinary person. There was nothing exciting in my life. I worked to eat, I ate to live and I lived because I had to. While it is true that humans mature as they grow, I aspect that I was just going to stay psychologically and socially stunted for the rest of my life. I constantly wonder why soldiers sent to the or so dangerous parts of the world still manage to laugh, function cards and drinks with their friends while on battle. Perhaps this is one of the tangible proofs that life is about psychological brainpower and perception towards the world (Harris, 1992, p.185).I write for a major newspaper in one of the most progressive cities in the world. My editor once said that I was one of the best writers she ever met, and that I would be a very successful author someday. I really could not tell whether she was fiction or not. Well, I dont have the capability to tell other peoples emotions, feelings and sentiments. I do not have that much friends. While my readers keep on

Microsoft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Microsoft - Essay Exampler of business organizations compete with Microsoft using an open ancestor commercial model by adjusting and then dispensing open source software to customers at insignificant be and thus earn revenue on complimentary products and services. Such businesses do not bear the center costs of development and research for the software. Further, advertising-based firms models look for revenue through delivering third party adverts to final consumers who agitate the software at no direct cost as Microsoft pays for the costs indirectly. Benefits in market word sense of advertising or open source based software may unfavorably affect the lodges revenue, sales, and operating margins. The total subscription and permit costs can vary depending on the available license levels and having a Software Assurance license.Microsoft Company has adapted the Elixir Workflow system, which is rich, web-based settings that that lets Microsoft connect many processes and large num ber into certain business projects or activities. By using this technology, predefined business rules are achieved to get the company on toes. It manages and tracks different tasks linked to a project from distinct actions to approvals. This technology has helped Microsoft to visualize its daily operations and point areas of productivity advancements. The Elixir Workflow System is configured based on the rights of the users and preferences. This ensures efficiency in issue processes and security for the products (Lopatka and Page, 2007)With the use of Elixir, multiple applications can be achieved with only one interface. This provides Microsoft with a flawless mount to interoperability. For precise productivity, the system offers a full set of trading process management operations including decisions and branching, event-driven interactions, and machine-driven activities. Generally, the Elixir Workflow System is a significant technology to Microsofts productivity as it integrate s dissimilar Computer programs

Does Technology Make a difference Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does applied science Make a difference - Essay ExampleCurrently, intercourse has blend a massive industry owing to technological attainments. Technological advancements have increased the communication speed immensely. Additionally, it has enabled diversification of the communication sector. Therefore, the communication sector has countless facets. Communication serves a catalyst of other industries. The advancements in communication have necessitated changes in business practises. Acquisition of technology comes at a cost. It is vital to appraise the benefits that leave alone come up from the acquisition of technology in an entity against the resource out flows. In some situations, it lead demand setting-up of infrastructure. This comes at a significant cost. Additionally, organizations will require to retraining employees due to advancements in technology. The advancement in technology may also render sections of employees redundant. This would have cost implications on the entity as it pays benefits to the retrenched workers and hires redundant personnel suited for the new technology. Alternatively, entities may opt to retrain the employees to avoid disruption in the entity (Shoniregun, 2005).Technology has countless benefits. As much(prenominal), organizations can access many databases that contain vital information. Managers can utilize such information to enable decision-making in entities. Therefore, technology facilitates informed decision making in organizations. This has reduced losses incurred by countless entities. Technology has consequently transformed management radically. Thus, flow of information in organizations has become critical. Technology has enabled faster distribution of information to the workforce. This has enabled increased production in most sectors. Technology has non only increased production through swift flow of information by eliminating inefficiencies. Technology has changed industrial production massively. Introduc tion of

Rawlsian Civil Disobedience Speech or Presentation

Rawlsian Civil Disobedience - Speech or Presentation exemplarHowever, this kind of struggle is not the kind of struggle swamped with blood and precious life. It is the kind of resistance to unjustness employing non-violent means, the kind of struggle wherein civil disobedience takes center stage. After every, Ive always believed that violence breeds violence and that handsome goals can never justify impure or violent actions.After World War 1, I began the Indian campaign for home rule and as a strong advocate of Satyagraha - truth and solvent -- I launched the movement ofnon-violent resistance to Great Britain. My protest against the Rowlatt Acts led to the slaughter of Indians at Amritsar by British soldiers and in 1920, when the British government failed to make amends, I declared an organized campaign of non-cooperation. With this campaign, my fellow Indians in public office walked out from their jobs, government agencies were boycotted and Indian children were withdrawn from government schools. As a consequence, all throughout India, streets were blocked with crouching Indians who declined to rise even when beaten by police. True to expectations, I was again arrested. frugal independence for India, involving the absolute boycott of British goods, was an outcome of my Swaraj movement.

Technology at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology at work - Essay Example8). One of the major challenges originally a second language teacher is to motivate the students and make the learning process interesting and openhearted to the learners teachers who are competent and creative enough to design instructional packages with the aid of technological devices are interrupt equipped to take up this challenge. Laborda & Royo reviewing Dudeney & Hocklys book How to teach slope with Technology show the enormous possibilities of teachers who work with a variety of types of software and hardware (or even who actually do not begin language teaching with technology) to integrate the contents into their daily teaching plans (Laborda & Royo 2007). Similarly, Sotillo stresses on the effectiveness of computer-mediated discussions and instructional activities in transacting English to second language learners (Sotillo). However, it is significant that the selected learning activities are in tune with the proficiency train of st udents.Smith, D. G & Baber, E. (2005). Teaching English with information technology how to use the internet and IT when teaching - for the professional English language teacher. Illustrated Edition Modern English Publishing.Laborda, J. G., & Royo, T. M. (2007). Book review How to teach English with Technology (Gavin Dudeney & Nicky Hockly). educational Technology & Society, 10 (3), 320-324. Retrieved 21 Nov. 09 from http//www.ifets.info/journals/10_3/22.pdfSotillo, Susana M. (1997, Dec). English-as-a-Second-Language Learning and Collaboration in Cyberspace. Retrieved 22 Nov. 09 from The Technology Source collect website

French Culture vs American Culture Research Paper

french Culture vs American Culture - Research Paper ExampleAs in playing a game of chess, knowing how to plan several moves ahead and anticipate what move your opp geniusnt could make accordingly, is native to winning or the success of a conclusion. Culture, as defined by Brooks Peterson (2004), is a while of several aspects of a people. Culture is the relatively stable set of inner values and beliefs generally held by groups of people in countries or regions, and the noticeable impact these values and beliefs do on the peoples outward behaviors and milieu (Peterson 17). Under stand values of a society does not always mean that a person pull up stakes act according to those values, given a certain set of circumstances. As Japanese children are proficient early on to work together in a group and value this aspect of working, this may not actually occur in a business situation unless the right elements of understanding the goal and who does what, is precisely defined for them. Themes can be viewed as big themes such as famous actors, or little themes, such as the latest trend in android phones. In the United States, engineering and new media are con alignred little themes and Angelina Jolie is a big theme. For the French, foreigners who can let loose French while in their demesne, will fare much better than the Americans, who float from one town to the next, asking who can speak English. It is a certain type of snobbery that the French have about foreigners being in their country (Peterson 25). The Big Five personality traits used in determining cultural intelligence, as proposed by twain Peterson (2004) and in the work of Engle and Nehrt (2012), are neuroticism versus emotional stability, extraversion, openness to experiences, agreement versus antagonism, and conscientiousness versus undirectedness or wish of focus (Engle and Nehrt 36). In having these attributes, a person is able to adjust and assimilate with another culture without standing out as a sore thumb, thus providing a company the opportunity to work with others on a global basis. Americans, however, in business situations, are more readily adaptable to other cultures than those who have cultures that are not so heavily integrated as is found in the United States (Earley and Mosakowski 139). As many Americans, particularly in large Northeastern cities, come from foreign countries or at least(prenominal) grew up in a family with a non-American background, it is easier to assimilate other cultures than those people who come from a preponderantly one-culture world in their country. As global companies move their businesses to Southern states in the U.S., this trend is also ontogeny here as well. Different styles of how to approach a joint project between two global countries, one, French and one, American, may show that Americans are ready to move ahead while the French elect to have all the details worked out and the numbers in place before even taking the first s tep (Peterson 54). Some of this could be put down to the fact that governments work differently from one country to the next and therefore, have learned to work according to the criteria presented by regulations and government restrictions. Working this side out, takes a bit of doing, depending on which country the project will actually be implemented in (Earley and Mosakowski 140). In choosing those with cultural intelligence for positions of conducting projects with foreign companies, it is

Employment Law for Managers ( See Assignment Criteria ) Essay

Employment Law for Managers ( See Assignment Criteria ) - Essay ExampleFor one to be eligible to the claim that employee must have completed the qualifying or probationary period if the employer is diminutive business type or six months in case the employer is a large enterprise (FWA, 2009).Claims argon normally made to the Fair Work Australia and this should be within 14 days of being disregard is the acquittance is unfair. This matter is then put to review by the conciliation conference where most of the issues that ar involved in the case are normally re work between the two feuding parties. If not solved at this level, then the applicant reserves the right to request for a proceeding of the case to a further full hearing (Elizabeth, 2009, pp.1-4).Unfair dismissal occurs if the FWA is convinced that the worker has actually been dismissed it was stinging or unreasonable was inconsistent with Small Business Fair Dismissal Code and that it was not true redundancy case.Dismissal is simply the termination of ones employment at the will of the employer and this does not include demotion. It also does not include a reduction from the persons salary or duties in a significant manner and the person still is employed by the employer that did effect the demotion.In accordance with the current provisions various matters would be considered while addressing the issues of whether a given dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable. These considerations do include taking into account the reason for dismissal and whether this was valid or not for that dismissal that is duly related to the capacity of a given person or his/her conduct in case that person being dismissed was actually given notice of the reasons that pertain to his or her dismissal whether such a dismissed person was given a reasonable chance or luck to lodge a response to any of the reasons put forward that are related to the conduct or capacity of the person if there are any unreasonable refusal by th e persons

Medicine Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medicine - Lab Report object lessonFEV1 or FEV 1 / EVC % ration surrounded by males and females.Heart Rate is defined as the number of heart contractions in 1minute and Stroke Volume is the step of telephone circuit ejected by heart in each beat. Cardiac output in a resting item-by-item of average size is about(predicate) 5 liters/minute. In an untrained individual heart rate is about 72 beats per minute so stroke batch is about 70 milliliters.2. OXYGEN CARRYING subject matter OF BLOOD Hemoglobin present in our Red Blood Cells binds the group O present in the blood and forms Oxyhemoglobin during pulmonary circulation. The blood is circulated to different parts of the body including skeletal muscles.3. SKELETAL MUSCLE battalion Of the three factors determining maximum oxygen consumption, the most important is the role of skeletal muscle. The larger the muddle of exercising skeletal muscle , greater the potential for increasing whole body oxygen consumption. ExampleA runner running on a treadmill at a given zip requires certain amount of oxygen. If he increases the speed up, the amount of oxygen required would also increase. The runner keeps increasing the speed and hence the corresponding oxygen requirement also increases until a point is reached where he cant increase the speed. The volume of Oxygen used by muscles at that point is optimum which is defined as VO2 Max.GREIWE, J. S., L. A. KAMINSKY, M. H. WHALEY, and G. B. DWYER. ... The volume of Oxygen used by muscles at that point is optimum which is defined as VO2 Max.EXPLAINING VO2 MAX TO A secularVO2 Max - V= Volume, O2 =Oxygen & Max= MaximumVO2 Max is calculated in ml/Kg/minExampleIf my client is 24Year old and his VO2 Max is 24 ml/Kg/m, As for a layman I will explain him that in 1 minute, 1 Kg of his body fish consume a maximum of 24 ml of oxygen to provide energy.COMPARING VO2 MAX RESULTS WITH ASTRAND AND YMCA TESTSGREIWE, J. S., L. A. KAMINSKY, M. H. WHALEY, and G. B. DWYER. paygrade of the ACSM sub supreme ergo meter test for estimating VO2max. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 1315-1320, 1995. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the dependability and validity of maximum oxygen uptake estimates (ESTmax) from the ACSM sub maximal cycle ergo meter test. Subjects include 15 men and 15 women aged 21-54 yr who performed two sub maximal tests and one maximal cycle ergo meter test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). During the sub maximal tests, heart rates (HR) were recorded from a radio telemetry monitor. ESTmax was predicted for both sub maximal trials by extrapolating HR to an age-predicted maximal HR. Correlation coefficient and standard error of measure (SEmeas) for ESTmax between submaximal trials were r = 0.863 and SEmeas = 0.40 l. min-1, while a t-test revealed no significant difference between trials. Although trial means were not significantly different, large variation in individual cases was evident by the high SEmeas (0.40 l .min-1) and by a large SEmeas expressed as a percentage of the mean (13%). The mean of the two ESTmax significantly overestimated measured VO2max with percent error, total error,

Inflation is here to stay, as prices will always go up Term Paper

Inflation is here to stay, as prices will always go up - Term Paper Exampled fixed value in it, therefore, even if bills was saved without using the banking system, it could purchase almost the same amount of goods fifteen to twenty years subsequent compared to the time when it was first saved. Inflation started being experienced when the US decided to start using favorable standards. Presently, when the government experiences shortfall in terms of cash, it purchases some from the Federal Reserve (Gosling & Eisner, 2013). The additional money that is indue into circulation results in an imbalance between money and goods and consequently prices increase and puffiness is experienced. There have been instances when inflation has been considered as invisible tax, as it is seen as the means used by the government to get fire money from the public. The amount of commodities available might alike drive the prices upwards, for instance, oil prices continue rising as a result of war in the major oil producing areas. The increase in prices is not completely attributed to the war, but to the damage on the infrastructure including damaged pipelines and incapacitated refineries because of the war, which have led to a decrease in production, by almost fifty percent.The effects of inflation have thrown nations in to lengthy periods of instability and central banks always seek to be watchers of inflation. Numerous politicians have won elections through and through brilliant the electorate that they will fight inflation but they lose their positions when they are not able to achieve this (Perry, Serven & Suescun, 2008). At some point, President Gerald Ford made a declaration that inflation was public enemy spell one in 1974. It is therefore important to understand that inflation denotes the rate of upsurge in prices through a specific time and is usually a wide measure like a oecumenic intensification in prices or an upsurge in costs of living in a nation. However, it can also be narrowly calculated, for instances of particular commodities like food and tuition fees in

Invitation meeting Essay Example for Free

Invitation meeting EssayBoston global is a companion that has provided outsourced resources operate for fortune 500 companies. The companies have been able to solve their problems through our advice. We are the labor leaders in taking care of our employees in terms of their compensation redress and disability insurance coverage. Your company has recently experienced numerous human resource problems. This may be due to the expansion that you are undergoing.Your company is growing fast and needs to grown in human resource operate too. I also understand that your company does not have the in house expertise to promptly establish the human resource and the procedures needed within a larger, publicly traded organization. It is important for every company to have a human resource department with qualified employees that look into the welfare of its employees.I was wonder whether your company has ever considered workers compensation disability exposure. It is for these reasons that my company would kindly like to contract you to set up a meeting with us I order to discuss the problems you are currently facing and the services that our company offers. We are hopeful that we will enter into a contract with you for these services so that you company can continue growing.

Petrophysics Essay Example for Free

Petrophysics EssayAbstract The South Tapti spatter field, located in the Arabian Sea off the western coast of India, has been on production for the resist three years. Drill Stem Tests (DST) conducted in five zones in the first appraisal well showed postgraduate back production in all the tests at drawdowns as low as 20 psi. receivable to the unconsolidated nature of the beginning sand, it was decided to gravel pack all future wells. Initially, the High put Water Pack (HRWP) technique was use on 13 completions including some stack and selective completions. receivable to a change in the drilling fluid to an oil based mud (OBM) system and the higher(prenominal) disparage associated with the it, it was later decided to switch the gravel packing technique to Frac and Pack. This involved origin of a small frac to bypass the near wellbore damage using a gel-based fluid, followed by gravel placement using the HRWP. The Frac Pack technique was tried on 10 completions. Extens ive production and pressure entropy collected on the above completions show that the Frac Pack technique has led to a decrease in the mechanical skin by almost 70 %.More importantly, it has also been responsible for decreasing the grade Dependent Skin Coefficient, D, by 50 %, which has a greater impact on the well productivity since these wells argon produced at average rates of 25 MMSCFD. This paper describes the gravel packing techniques used in the South Tapti gas field, their evolution and the results achieved. Inroduction The South Tapti field, located off the Western coast of India, is delineate by a series of alternating sand and shale sequences.The upper berth beginning intervals are dominated by tidal-bar and channel sandpaper deposited in a deltaic env contractment while the lower smoothen represent sculptured valley deposits dwelling largely of alluvial/fluvial channels, tidal bars and tidal creeks. The exploratory wells cut in the field indicated strong sand production tendencies due to the unconsolidated nature of the reservoir persuade. This was corroborated by extensive testing of the first development well when all the five zones tested produced sand tear down under extremely low pressure drawdown conditions.The completion policy for the field focused on preventing sand ingress while minimizing the near well-bore damage inherent in any sand control application. The earlyish development wells were gravel packed using the high rate water pack (HRWP) technique. These sign completions were highly successful in preventing sand production and also induced significant damage in the process. The problem was accentuated when the drilling mud system was changed to an oil base system in an endeavour to offset recurrent drilling problems arising out of unconsolidated sandstone and presence of reactive clays.This called for a change in completion philosophy in order to ensure that the wells retain high productivity with impressive sand c ontrol. Geologic and Reservoir Characterization The South Tapti field is localized by a wide-cut SW-NE trending, doubly plunging anticline. The field has up to 13 different Oligo-Miocene gas bearing sands, separated by shales. The reservoir sands were deposited in both incised valley and deltaic settings. Reservoir sands within incised valleys consist of alluvial/fluvial channels, tide-influenced channels and tidal bars.The channel sands typically are the cleaner sands with excellent porosity permeability and up to 20 m thick, whereas the tide-influenced channels and tidal bars are shalier, with more modest porosity and permeability. CLAY MINERALS 1. Abstract Tapti Basin in Surat Depression, Bombay Offshore is characterized by simply siliciclastic succession. The cores and cutting samples, and wireline logs provide important information about the stratigraphy, basin fill, mineralogy, source and reservoir rock characteristics. sanitary under study is located in South Tapti sub-bas in and contains gas-bearing sandstone within Mahim Formation of Late Oligocene age. The cuttings and cores set about been megascopically examined and with the attend to of electrical log data, the litholog of the well is prepared. The study involves XRD and major element analysis of selected samples. The XRD and digital log data from Natural Gamma Sepctrometry (NGS) log indicate that montmorillonite is the major clay mineral present in the upper part of the succession, whereas kaolinite present in the lower part (1868 m MD to 2427 m MD).Kaolinite is apparently make by early stages of burial diagenesis, whereas montmorillonite is a weathering product of the Deccan Basalt. Interpretative lithology from the well log response shows that reservoir sandstones have developed within the depth interval of 1865m TVD to 1945 m TVD within dominantly shale lithology. Reservoir sandstones are semiconsolidated, forte to coarse grained and moderately well sorted. Quartz is the dominant detrital component in all the sandstones.Pay sands are quartz arenite whereas non-pay sands are quartz wacke with varying amount of clay matrix. Kaolinite in the reservoir section reduces the permeability of quartz wacke, but enhancing porosity in microlevel. Carbonate, siderite and iron oxide are main(prenominal) cementing material. Major element data showing that clastic sediments were delivered to the basin possibly by the Proto Tapti river but they may be having dual source of origin. The discriminant functions of Meyer and Nederlof, 1984 has indicated that the studied formations do not have source rock potential.Key words Tapti Basin, Bombay Offshore, hydrocarbons, provenance and clay minerals. quartz wacke, but enhancing porosity in microlevel. Carbonate, siderite and iron oxide are main cementing material. Major element data showing that clastic sediments were delivered to the basin possibly by the Proto Tapti river but they may be having dual source of origin. The discriminant func tions of Meyer and Nederlof, 1984 has indicated that the studied formations do not have source rock potential.

Effects of U.S. Policy in the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Effects of U.S. insurance in the kernel eastside EssayThe end of serviceman suppose of warfare II was a dog and a start of a new era for mankind and the inhabitants of this planet. It wholly changed the way of life of the good deal as well as the relationship between severalises. In the process of establishment of new do main stage where US emerged as the authoritarian arouse due to its strong position in the terra firma post adult male war, every state either parted or joined altogetheriances with the US.Every state has witnessed the mass destruction caused by the thermonuclear attack from the US on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, thus, that helped the US to establish itself completely as the super power of the valet de chambre and since then its foreign insurance form _or_ system of government has non been limited and spread head to states even way far away to Vietnam or now even in the Europe where the projectile Shield program has already ignited yet another(prenomi nal) cold war scenario between the US and Russia. (Light Groom, 1985) The aim of this paper is to present the research carried out on the effect of the U.S. foreign policies and actions in the bosom East. The paper focuses specific wholey on the geographical politics as well as provides a general analysis of the different changes brought about by the policies adopted by the U. S. lobby. Hi stage Revisited With the culmi earth of World fight in that respect was a need to reestablish the Jews unsettled in Europe and settle them in an electron orbit where ideologically they will tactual sensation at home. This place could only be the legendary and prophesized Biblical field of force in the east of Mediterranean inhabited by Palestinians.During the World Wars it was as well as observed that Muslims back up Germans and they as well as needed to be properly sized up. (Levinson, 2008) Therefore based on historical evidences that there existed Jewish state in the bea and holy scriptures have prophesized the reemergence of a Jewish state the in all theory was crafted and drafted in a way that an ideological Jewish state could emerge on world map. As outlined preceding(prenominal) US emerged the sole international force and it was backed by another so-called super power Russia in the creation of a Jewish state in the charge of Israel.The state was promptly recognized by international comity of nations. Back in US the authors of Israeli nation know in their heart that the area is surrounded by Arabs who are all separate on the basis of their geographical locations and also the fact that the Saudi Arabia was crafted by Britishers, and as such though being large in area they would not go against the creation of Israel. (Ries, 2003) The divide and rule policy for Muslims paid dividends and initially their reaction were not so strong that it could create ripples in the US policy. US started fully supporting the Israel in all respects i. e. economically, ar maments, political. The powerful Jewish lobby which started dominating the US politics after World War as majority of intellectual prisoners were Jewish who wholeheartedly supported US to buy freedom and also work towards a cause. Slowly the US foreign policy the authors, major authors for which were Jews started revolving to a single point that Israel must remain in existence and all those who are against the existence if Israel must pay the price. On the other hand slowly US policy also started reflecting factor i. e. back door diplomacy to soften the dissent on Israel by the Arab hardliners.These needed copious arms by creating an image of Israel in which it was proved that it is simply a might which has to be chitchatn with fright. The Arab- Israel wars were all proving factors that Israel army is invincible. (Altunisik, Spring 2005) Over passage of magazine Arab rivalries were cultivated to fortify Israel and one of the most crucial cases was of Iraq. Saudis were supplied w ith AWACS for surveillance of Saudi Arabia and it was an irony that Israeli planes flew over its air space for hours both to and fro and went into Iraq, raided the Iraqi nuclear plant and they were not detected by any surveillance machinery.(Levinson, 2008) This was partly a success story of US foreign policy in which Saudis were directed to be careful about Iran but feel no threat from Israel. Critical Analysis These entire years the Jewish lobby in US was economically getting stronger and their presence in the world economic scene was absolutely critical as the world started becoming a global village and the dependency on business started getting much and more. The indulgence of business community in political fund raising became a swaying factor for all the presidents of United States and also other countries.Elections became a business venture which need to be funded and the funds could deduct from business community the result was dictating the policies by businesses. Since the election campaigns in US are the costliest in the world therefore more indulgence of business community about their terms for financing the event. That is why we see that over the years the US government shave started looking towards Israel as an integral part of its foreign, economic and armament policy and Israels violations of human rights and violations of agreements with Palestinians are ignored or brushed aside.(Levinson, 2008) The causes of unrest in the nerve East are historical, religious, economic and geo-political. Ancient history and ancient civilizations can serve as a framework for understanding some of the existing enmity. Iranians and the Iraqis have been fighting for more than 3,000 years. However, the current unrest in the Middle East is the result of westerly ethno centrism and colonialism (covert and overt), combined with religious and sectarian conflicts.The continue of US interference in the Middle East cannot be overstated. (Hafez Kenny, 2000) Indeed, the term Middle East is an schmaltzy term that has no meaning except in the context of its geographical relationship to Europe. The most active voice stop consonant of Western interference in the Middle East was after the collapse of the Ottoman conglomerate and up to the present time, although there were substantial economic, military machine, and political interests in the Middle East for the previous devil hundred years.Prior to World War I the primary interest of the Western powers in the Middle East was geo-political, mostly concerned with shipping lanes Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Suez Canal and Red Sea for military and economic gain. Following World War I, the primary interest of the US in the Middle East became oil, although Great Britain was already actively involved in the exploitation of Iranian oil as proterozoic as 1908 (Bostock, 2008). The possibility of large deposits of oil in Iraq had already been recognized prior to World War I (Siegman, 2008).Thus, the pa rtitioning of the areas that had made up the Ottoman Empire and German colonial holdings, including Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria, following World War I had the smell of oil around it. Great Britain and France, with the support of the USA, used the League of Nations to witness mandates, colonial power, over most of the Middle East. Unfortunately, along with the exploitation of oil came the oppression of the people of the Middle East, the results of which are unembellished today in the lack of democratic governments in the area.Each time a bucolic tried to become a democracy, the implied threat of the possibility of oil being withheld from the military machines of the Western powers led to the destruction of the democratic elements and to the installation of kings and dictators that served the interests of Great Britain, France and the USA (Linklater, 2000). The distortions in policy are evident from the fact that on the one hand Israel is allowed to produce arms, beco me nuclear and amass weapons but this is not allowed to Iraq and rather the whole Iraqi government was invaded, toppled and destructed by US.Then enters a new dimension in the international and US foreign policies all led by US. This is the Iranians toppling the Shah of Iran and creation of an Islamic Iranian state led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Initially it was felt that with the passage of time the Iranians will be looking towards Shah for coat the Islamic rulers. However the myth soon lost its charm as over a period of time the Islamic Iran became consolidated and their presence also started motivating the masses of other neighboring countries (Levinson, 2008).US soon realized this situation and attempts were made mobilize uprisings, than economically cripple Iran and finally direct debauch of government. All these attempts failed. Iranian government started benefitting from these failures rather capitalized all these towards their consolidation as they started mobilizing public op inions through dickens slogans Death to Israel and America the great Satan. These slogans were infused into the new generations by making the Tehran University as the main hub of all demonstrations and activities. The only way left was to impose economic sanctions on Iran.US led sanctions isolated Iran but being an oil exporter it was able to circumvent the sanctions (Altunisik, Spring 2005). The hatred increased with the passage of time and Iran became more vocal against Israel as it believes that US policy was dictated by Israel and Israel should be wiped of the globe. The Iranians in order to prove their ideological war against these two counties started supporting Palestinian faction Hamas openly at war with Israel and also supported Syria and its allies in Lebanon who are against Israel (Siegman, 2008).The Iranian diplomatic moves were all against the US stand on Israel and there is a great danger that if the Iranians succeed in their diplomacy and their support makes Syria a nd Lebanon politically and militarily strong than there is all the likelihood that other nations in the neighborhood would soon be pressurized by their people to follow suit (Frankel, 1969). This dilemma in the US policies is a thaw which unavoidably to be taken care of as the war between Hezbollah and Israel broke the myths about the Israeli militarily might and this is an alarming situation for the architects of US foreign policy.This situation was partially addressed by Mr. Bush who declared Iran as part of evil nexus and also declaring Iran as a country aspiring to become nuclear state militarily. As detailed above the US policy is in general focused on Israel to be recognized by its neighbors as a formal independent nation and above all its might should also be accepted by them. As it was also state above that back door diplomacy was also used in the region to achieve the above objectives

John Irving, a prayer for owen meany Essay Example for Free

John Irving, a prayer for owen meany EssayIn the first chapter of A Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving displays an expansive, articulate expressive style that relies heavily on rich descriptions to create tiny portraits of the revolutionary England of his youth, especially the title character who inspires him to call back in God and Christ. Irvings language throughout the chapter is articulate and his sentences long, perhaps to accommodate his rather abundant, detailed descriptions it is almost oratorical without being florid or long-winded, reflecting the fact that the narrator is descended from a prominent smart England family (including the Puritan minister for whom he is named). He also relies heavily on memories, moving from his recollections of Owen to broader discussions of his own family and hometown, creating a context for the subsequent action and thus giving his memories a deeper meaning. In addition, Irving uses Owen as a token of Christ-like divinity the boy i s something of a martyr for his suffering (indeed, he never tells on his peers for their abuses), and yet he takes away the narrators m a nonher(prenominal), however unintentionally, by hitting the foul ball that kills the narrators mother (hence the chapters title, The Foul Ball).Irving avoids sounding childish by using articulate mature language, but he conveys a childs point of view by speaking in a matter-of-fact way about how he and his peers picked on the frail, undersized Owen. He conveys no warm judgments or apologies for his actions (indeed, as a child he feels no shame for it), and he does not break down his motivations.For example, when Owen offers a surprisingly mature complaint about church services, the narrator says, To these complaints, and others like them, I could resolve only by picking up Owen Meany and holding him above my head (Irving 23), showing how other children are unable to comprehend Owen. He also implies adults stupidity by mentioning his oblivious Sunday tame teacher and how the police chief and coach quarrel over the ball after his mothers death.The author wants the ratifier to understand his world (hence the detailed discussions of his town, family, and relationship with Owen) and especially Owens complex aim in it. Though he mentions his Christianity at the very start, the narrator does not preach or scold the reader, admitting that he is a rather lazy Christian but also making clear that he feels deeply indebted to him (despite Owens role in his mothers death) and makes the reader feel fellow feeling for the victimized Owen.Irvings language is richly descriptive without becoming tedious, and he recalls Owens characteristics humorously, especially his piddling size and high-strangled voice (Owens words always appear in capitals). Irving communicates respect for Christianity, but not for the ritual or doctrine he admits his laziness and calls his approach a church-rummage faith (Irving 2). Instead, he believes in the divine power channeled through Owen, whose intelligence and deep understanding of God set him apart from his peers.Irving implies that twain the narrator and New England, despite their Puritan by, find religion uninspiring until Owen appears, and that Owen has vastly more effectiveness to influence events than is shown in the first chapter. More explicitly, he evokes New Englands provincial values, especially the damp between insiders (the descendants of Puritans, like the narrator) and outsiders (later arrivals, like Owens Irish-Catholic family), and Irving contrasts the regions harsh religious past with the narrators spiritual barrenness, for which Owen ultimately becomes a remedy.In the books first chapter, Irving shows the reader a rich picture of his characters world, creating the context in which the narrators transition from nonbeliever to Christian occurs. He presents Owen in a sympathetic light, as a wise yet victimized visualize whose suffering and kindness bring enl ightenment into a milieu that needs it. Irving, John. A Prayer for Owen Meany. New York Ballantine, 1989.

The Negative Impact of Drugs on Sports Entertainment Essay Example for Free

The Negative Impact of Drugs on Sports sport EssayThe non-medical use of performance enhancing drugs among adolescents and young adults is of growing concern. As many as half a one thousand thousand Americans under age 18 may be abusing anabolic/androgenic steroids to improve their acrobatic performance, f whole outance and self-image. A growing body of evidence suggests that medically unsupervised drug use may pose severe risks to physical and mental health (Kashkin and Kleber, 1989). Shockwaves went through the sports world when Canadian track whiz Ben Johnson was denied his gold medal at the 1988 Olympics after tests showed that he had taken anabolic steroids. The incident called international concern to the use of anabolic steroids and in general, performance enhancing drugs among world-class athletes to gain competitive advantage. Still, athletes and non-athletes alike persist in taking them. And, in fact, it is known that athletes participating in the original Roman Olympic Games consumed them too (UNRV, 2003) in that location are reports of male adults in physically demanding professions like law enforcement also using performance enhancing drugs to appear tougher as well as more formidable (Lombardo 1990). What is more, as these drugs grow in popularity, so does sentiency of the serious side effects of their use. One of the most alarming side effects is the threat of aid HIV human immunodeficiency virus can be transmitted if shared needles are used to submit the drug. Potential harm to physical and psychological health is only one aspect of this troubling trend, though (Lombardo, 1990). The non-medical use of performance enhancing drugs such as steroids, raises ethical and moral issues. Engaging in steroids use is outlaw(prenominal) and users are likely to find themselves acquiring these drugs through illicit and expensive channels.The heavy demand for anabolic steroids has eatn rise to black market, with sales estimated at as much a s $400 million a year more everyplace, supplies, which are often illegally manufactured and do not meet conventional standards, may be unhygienic (Miller, 1987). Second, athletes who use these drugs are cheating because they gain an unfair advantage over opponents and violate the ban on steroids imposed by most major sports organizations. Performance enhancing drugs may be addictive. Users of steroids demonstrate an unwillingness to give them up even in the face of possibly dire consequences to their health. As the health risks of anabolic steroids become more apparent, efforts to curtail their use through education, legislation, and medical practices are intensifying. For those already hooked, kicking the steroids habit is the best chance to escape devastating side effects for potential users, the solution, of course, is to never take the drug at all. There are other ways to be a success athletically and socially without harming health, and without cheating (Miller). The use of p erformance enhancing drugs is spoiling the sports entertainment business today. It is only fair for all athletes to give up drugs, or for all of them to take the identical drugs with the same dosage at the same time. If only a few athletes consume the drugs, it would be cheating on their part. Still, it is best for all athletes to give up drug use altogether, seeing that there are harmful side effects, both psychological and physiological, related to the use of these drugs. Given that many athletes are using performance enhancing drugs today, while the rest are not consuming them, these drugs most definitely have a negative effect on sports entertainment.ReferencesKashkin, K. B., and Kleber, H. D. qualified on Hormones? An Anabolic Steroid Addiction Hypothesis. Journal of the American Medical Association, December 1989.Lombardo, J. A. Anabolic/androgenic Steroids. NIDA Research Monograph 102, 1990.Miller, R. W. Athletes and Steroids Playing a Deadly Game, II. FDA Consumer, Novemb er 1987.UNRV Roman History. Archaeological News. Drugs, Cheating Were Part Of Original Olympics Too, 2003. obtainable at http//www.unrv.com/newsletter/newsletter-edition1.php. (5 February 2007).

The Impacts Of Aids Essay Example for Free

The Impacts Of Aids EssayAlthough the aid epidemic has occurred in a period when mixer conservatives fuddle been politically dominant in just ab forbidden Western societies increasing the stigma against homosexuals and homosexuality, it has as well as translated into much greater recognition of the homosexual community and a homosexual movement, in most(prenominal) Western democracies. As the mid-eighties progressed, the rattling and sapphic community increasingly realized the devastating impact of help on laughable men.The complex of diseases called help was first discovered among brave men in 1981. From the first moment the homosexual male community became aw atomic number 18 of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (which was first called GRID comic-related immune deficiency), it responded politically. By the end of the summer in 1981, a group of mirthful men had already met at author Larry Kramers apartment in New York City and had established the jolly Mens wellness Crisis (GMHC)the largest aid organization in the country today.It is not, of course, homosexuals who atomic number 18 at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome but rather those who practice certain forms of unsafe sex. This distinction amid behavior and identity, which often protrudems academic, is in fact vital to a rational understanding of support. Beca engross the media and the common mostly do not make these distinctions, gay and aid impart become conflated, so that the public cognizance of homosexuality becomes largely indistinguishable from its intuition of AIDS.This, in turn, has two offsprings (1) It causes unnecessary discrimination against all those who are identified as gay and homosexuals, and (2) it also means that people who are not perceived (and do not perceive themselves) as engaging in high-risk behaviors can deny that they are at risk of HIV infection. As the gay movement matured in the 1970s, however, it made more cover demands of organizations, pressing for antidiscrimination ordinances and for financial corroborate for gay organizations and activities. But, in large part, the gay movement retained an adversarial descent with the government, a relationship made possible because of the movements emphasis on self-assertion (coming bug out) and challenging social stigma. on the whole this changed with the appearance of AIDS.Demands for government-funded research were first made by New Yorks fearless Mens Health Crisis, the first community-based AIDS organization. And the demands make up not stopped there Governments are asked to support research, patient care, services, and education programs. Inevitably such(prenominal) demands involve gay participation in the processes of governmentpolicy-making, membership on liaison committees, day-to-day get across with bureaucrats, and so forth. But the process has been two-way.Governments remove understood that to research the disease, to provide the necessary services, and to bring around the behavioral changes (primary pr essenceion) believed to be the most effective strategies against the spread of the disease, contact with the most affected groups is required. AIDS has and then forced governments to recognize organizations they had previously ignored, and this has resulted in beef up gay organizations, often with the help of kingdom resources. As a generalization, the receipt of gay groups and those works in local AIDS education and advocacy programs has been to vehemence large-scale education about primary prevention, while conservative medical, political, and religious figures have emphasized general testing for the HIV antibody and restrictive legislation.The issue of testing for HIV antibodies among high-risk populations has been a major statement in most Western countries. AIDS organizations have generally argued that large-scale testing is undesirable and that impoverishmented testing of high-risk groups will compel th ose infected with the AIDS virus go underground out of the mainstream of wellness care and education. As the interior(a) joyous and Lesbian Task Force (NGLTF) argued The experience of the gay communitythe only group where significant prevention and risk-reduction programs have taken placedemonstrates that education and counseling, not testing, are critical to changing behavior. Not everyone needs or desires to know his/her antibody status. No one should be forced into that position, particularly given the potentially severe social, legal and economic ramifications of testing.The NGLTFs anti-testing position is further strengthened by the fact that test results often obtain false positives for the presence of HIV antibodies. It is easy to describe this deviation over testing as one that pits public wellness advocates against proponents of gay rights. In reality, the struggle centers on distinct conceptions of public health Those who oppose mandatory testing are concerned that t he devotion of discrimination resulting from seropositive results will force those most at risk to avoid needed testing, counseling, and contact with support services. It is vital to understand the issue to which discrimination (real and perceived) against AIDS carriers is a factor, and how it is strengthened every time a politician or religious figure talks of quarantine or isolation.Certain sorts of discrimination are justified in the interests of public health, and reasonable people can disagree about the balanceas was true in the protracted debate in San Francisco concerning the gay bathhouses. But few diseases in juvenile history have led to as many stringent proposals to restrict the rights of those affected, and even fewer have led to claims for discrimination against all members of high-risk groups, whether or not they were actually ill or contagious. business organization of AIDS has elicited a welter of irrational reactions based on the stereotyping of homosexuals.The U.S. Justice Department has govern that persons with AIDS may be dismissed from their jobs because of fear of transmission, even where such fears are not medically supported some state courts and legislatures, however, have taken an opposite position. Fear of AIDS was invoked by the state of Georgia in its successful defense of its antisodomy law before the Supreme Court in 1986. A number of governments (including the United States) have sought to make evidence of HIV-antibody-free (noncarrier) status a requirement for in-migration or even entry in West Germany this provision has led to a bitter dispute between the Interior and Health ministries.Fear of and hostility toward those with AIDS most clearly overlaps with more generalised homophobia in the attempts by some politicians and a number of fundamentalists to use the epidemic to argue against homosexual rights. In the eyes of the religious right, AIDS is literally viewed as a God-given opportunity to reverse social attitudes to ward homosexuality, which have grown more tolerant over the past decade in English-speaking countries particularly, fundamentalists have invoked fire-and-brimstone empty words to argue that AIDS is evidence of Gods wrath.Gay groups have quickly learned which aspects of the political system are most amenable to pressure in the United States, at a national level, this has involved working through the courts (a vast number of AIDS-related cases are already working their way through the judicial system) and, especially, tender members of Congress. Among the groups most affected by AIDS, only the homosexuals have been able to mobilize and articulate political demands. The publics perception of the disease therefore continues to be more closely link up with homosexuals than its epidemiology suggests.In the United States this is further conglomerate by racial divisions and intravenous drug use, as a far higher proportion of AIDS cases that are not sexually transmitted are found among bl acks and Hispanics than among whites. Even now one run around of AIDS organizations is the under representation of people of color, including homosexuals. Even in countries where this is not a problem, the dominance of AIDS as an issue makes the gap between gay women and men increasingly more ticklish to tide over although many sapphics are heavily involved in AIDS work, most gay women cannot identify with AIDS as a central issue in the way true for many gay men.AIDS has mobilized more gay men into political and community organizations, although not into specific demonstrations and marches, than any other event in the short history of the gay movement. In every major city of the United States, Canada, Australasia, and most of northern Europe, the appearance of AIDS has led thousands of gay men (and others) to volunteer in programs of care, support, counseling, and education. But this in turn creates several problems It reinforces the publics misperception of the causal link betw een AIDS and homosexuality it forces other issues off the gay movements agenda and monopolizes its attention and it creates cutting tensions as dependence on government and the emergence of a impudently class of AIDS experts leads to growing strains within the movement.One could in fact posit that AIDS has created a shift in the leadership of the gay movement, accentuating the trend toward leaders who can claim professional expertise instead of activist credentialsa move already under way during the late 1970s. This has been most obvious in the rise to prominence of openly gay medical doctors, who have been able to use their professional skills and sexual identity to claim a certain legitimacy in the eyes of government groups like the American Physicians for Human Rights have become prominent within the gay movement largely because of the epidemic. But the new leadership also includes those skilled in legislative and bureaucratic lobbying, and one consequence of this shift has be en to reduce the representativeness of leadership in harm of class, race, and age.Observing the gay movement, AIDS has changed the movement in ways none of us could have anticipated in the much headier days of the 1970s. Obviously the stake are higher However important law reform was, it does not compare with the urgent need to respond to an epidemic that in some cities (New York, San Francisco, Houston, Copenhagen, Sydney) was striking nearly every gay man. In response, new people have come into the movement many gay men who had hitherto regarded gay government activity as irrelevant, have become the front-line activists because of AIDS.But many experienced activists have found that AIDS has saturnine them into professionals the people who run the large organizations, such as GMHC, the Terence Higgins Trust, the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, the AIDS Council of New South Wales, and so forth, spend much of their time now dealing with government bureaucrats, health-system manage rs, and various authorities whom they had once denounced as the enemy. Unconsciously, certain forms of co-optation inevitably take place governments fund jobs, trips, and conferences, and those who take part begin to see things differently. Thus, a new tension develops within the rank-and-file, many of whom came into AIDS work as volunteers concerned to verbal expression directly after the sick and dying, who feel estranged from the new bureaucrats their own movement seems to have spawned.It is difficult to speak of the impact of AIDS without speaking of the changing perceptions of homosexuals, so intertwined are the two in the public imagination. AIDS seems to have heightened both the stigma and the respectability of homosexuals in unraveling this apparent contradiction, we can come to terms with certain crucial social changes. The common assumption is that AIDS has been responsible for reversing, or at least halting, a gradual social acceptance of homosexuality as an alternate li fe-style, an acceptance that had grown out of changes in sexual mores and the commercialization of sexuality during the 1970s.It is not hard to point to the hostile rhetoric, increased antigay violence, and the instead considerable discrimination directly linked to AIDS. Evidence of increased violence directed against homosexuals, much of it linked to AIDS, was recognized by a special congressional hearing in late 1986.The reality may well be that the response to AIDS thus far has largely been a reflection of the result to which preceding gay-rights struggles had achieved a place in the political process for gay organizations AIDS has thus highlighted a process already under way. The point has often been made that the epidemiology of AIDS would have been very different in most Western countries had it not been for the expansion of gay sexual networks in the 1970s.Equally, the response of governments would have been very differentand almost certainly slower and more repressiveif th is expansion had not also been accompanied by the growth of gay political organizations that provided a basis for the development of community-based groups in response to the epidemic. At the level of conventional liberal political analysis, the case of AIDS bears out the adage that the squeaky wheel gets the oil. AIDS has brought issues of central concern to the gay movement onto the mainstream political agenda at an terrific price the gay movement has become a recognized actor in the administration of health policymaking. Political will and mobilization can have a large effect on the social impact of the disease.The growing impact of AIDS on the American population forced activists to broaden their constituency. close to of the groups were also socially stigmatized and had even fewer resources than the gay community. Occasionally, they had segments who voiced their discomfort with or disapproval of homosexuality. When it came to matters of strategy, AIDS activists even had incr easing conflicts with gay and lesbian political elites within the community over political priorities. The administration of AIDS activism forced gay and lesbian activists to have increased interaction with federal, state, and local governments, thereby transforming the lesbian and gay communitys relation with the state. Community-based organizations received government funding and participated in policymaking to a much greater extent than ever before.The AIDS movement has had a significant impact on government research, public health policies, and government funding of treatment, care, and education. This government funding has created large-scale institutions with jobs and career possibilities that did not exist in the lesbian and gay communities before the epidemic. These economic and institutional developments have had two major effects on the gay and lesbian communities. First, they have encouraged lesbian and gay political institutions to engage more with other communities, governmental agencies, and mainstream institutions.Second, they have transformed the class structure of gay and lesbian leadership. The new jobs and career possibilities attracted a generation of leaders who were upwardly mobile and educated at elite universities and colleges. In the past, gay men such as this might have pursued conventional careers. Now, though, many of them were infected with the virus that causes AIDS and took up AIDS activism to fight for their lives. The older generation of leaders had chosen gay political life as an alternative to mainstream careers. Very early on in the epidemic, however, AIDS devastated the founding generation both physically and emotionally. A new generation soon displaced the older one.AIDS had decimated the gay male community, had forced it to render out to other communities, and had seriously undermined its economic and cultural self-sufficiency. The countervailing pressures of gay and lesbian identity politics and of AIDS activism prod uced a political situation that required a new perspectiveone that conceived of identity as stable, but also recognized the incredible diversity within the community. The perspective needed to account for the chemical attraction of all sexual minorities and the range of possible gender roles, ethnic, and racial identities.Works CitedAdam, B. D. The rise of a gay and lesbian movement. New York Twayne Publishers.1995.Bell, G. AIDS in Australia, Sydney Bulletin , 17 expose 1987Bullough, Vern L. Before Stonewall Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. Harrington Park Press, 2002.Cante, Richard C. Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London Ashgate Publishing. March 2008 ISBN 0 7546 7230 1.Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York and London, Garland Publishing, 1990Frighten and be Fired, The Economist , 28 June 1986.Epstein, S. Gay and lesbian movements in the United States Dilemmas of identity, diversity, and political strategy. In B. Adam, J. Duyvendak, A. Krouwel (Eds.), The global emergence of gay and lesbian politics guinea pig imprints of a worldwide movement, pp. 30-90. Philadelphia Temple University Press.1999.Gawenda, AIDS Reaping Responsibility, The Age (Melbourne), 2 May 1987.Goldstein, R. The Hidden Epidemic AIDS and Race, Village Voice , 10 March 1987.Johansson, Warren Percy, William A. Outing Shattering the Conspiracy of Silence. Harrington Park Press, 1994.Katz, Jonathan. Gay American History Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New York Harper, 1976) ISBN 006091211Kitsuse, J. Coming out all over Deviants and the politics of social problems. Social Problems, 28, 1-13.1980.McCombie, S.The Cultural Impact of the AIDS Test, Social Science and Medicine 23 (1986) 455-459.National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, news release, Washington, D.C., 5 February 1987.Somerville, M. Rubin, G. Thinking sex Notes for a radical hypothesis of the politics of sexuality. In R. Parker, P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, soci ety sexuality, pp. 143-178. New York Routledge.1998.Schroedel, J. R., Fiber, P. Lesbian and gay policy priorities Commonality and difference. In C. A. Rimmerman, K. D. Wald, C. Wilcox (Eds.), The politics of gay rights, pp. 97-120. Chicago University of Chicago Press. (2000).Seidman, S. From identity to queer politics Shifts in normative heterosexuality and the means of citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 5, 321-328. (2001).Structuring the Legal and Ethical Issues Raised by AIDS, in AIDS Social Policy , Ethics and the equity (Monash Monash University Centre for Human Bioethics, 1986).Surgeon General s Report on AIDS (Washington, D.C. U.S. Public Health Service, 1986), 30.Tatchell, P.AIDS A Guide to Survival (London Gay Mens Press, 1986), 97-101Thompson, Mark, editor. Long Road to Freedom The Advocate History of the Gay and Lesbian Movement. New York St. Martins Press, 1994. ISBN 0-312-09536-8Timmons, Stuart. The Trouble with Harry Hay Founder of the Modern Gay Movement. Boston Alyson Publications, 1990.

Urban Planning and 19th Century Essay Example for Free

Urban Planning and 19th Century EssayFor galore(postnominal) within the modern movement, the marriage amongst town and country represented the means of achieving an ideal sort of settlement. Discuss the 19th century origins of this concept and how it was interpreted in different ways by modernist architects and urbanists in the 20th century. If architecture could change a persons wellbeing an architectural movement could r all(prenominal) an ideal society. The modernists were not original in seeking an urban utopia. Architects of the 1800s had designed their ideal settlements to improve workers lives through the strengthened environment. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a rejecting of history and tradition, yet these 19th century projects, unknowingly, regularised the urban proposals of the planetary style. Through this century of proposals from 1830-1940s, lies a recurring theme of utopia a rational, clean urban center with wide green areas, where both the convenience of the town and beauty of the countryside unite.The beginning of the convergence between town and countryside is payable to the socialist thinkers of the 19th century, with their belief that ones environment affects ones character. The concept of architecture changing a person was explored dramatically by the socialist and radical thinker, Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). The totalitarian design of his Panoptikon was to savvy rogues honest. It was built as a cylindrical prison and could be applied to schools and hospitals. The principle privy this machine-like institute was that the incarcerated would believe they are under constant surveillance, thus minimising chances of misbehaviour. This perceived scrutiny would allow the inhabitants to croak better citizens.Due to rapid industrialisation in the 19th century, larger city existences exploded, and squalor was rampant. numerous of the old cities had seen their populations double. Around 1800 about one fifth of Britain s population lived in the countryside, but by 1851 half the population of the country was housed in capital of the United Kingdom. This lead to uncontrolled housing developments, where the private sector responded to the population boom by building poor quality, high density housing for workers. The thinkers of the 19th century, like the modernists of the mid-thirties believed a planned urban form could solve these social problems. In its earliest form, the marriage between town and country is subtle placing of private gardens or greenbelts, yet this soon grows into an entire Garden city movement.Like Bentham, industrialist Robert Owen (1771-1858) believed that a persons morale was affected by their surroundings. However, he believed less in the social engineering of Bentham and more on socialism, striving for better conditions for the working class. His mill at naked Lanark, Scotland, was to become the most important experiment for the happiness of the human race that has yet be en instituted in every part of the world. Owens humane regime was a stark contrast to the slums present in cities. At his mill, he built communal buildings and gardens for leisure and exercise, a complete ideological systems for small communities, where the workers children were also educated.This bracing high standard of upkeep encouraged workers productivity. His New Lanark model encouraged him to build this environment of joint co-operation at a larger scale. Owen devised a Plan for an Ideal Village, an area with specific surface and population, of between 500 to 1500. This plan was similar to structures of towns found in ancient Greece there was a geometrical layout and a focus on agriculture to become self-sufficient. This theory became a development called New harmony, which was to be situated in the US, with an estimate population for five thousand designed as a quadrangle with sides of thousand feet. The design was never realised.Owen was called a Utopian socialist by t he revolutionary communistic Karl Marx, and Owen shared this title with Charles Fourier (1772-1837). Fourier believed that co-operation was key to have a successful community, and to achieve this phalanxes should be established. This phalanstery would 1) Discover and set a system of industry (2) Guarantee to every individual the equivalent of their natural rights and (3) Associate the interests of sizeable and poor. These natural rights included the gathering of natural products and fishing, and these communal hotel-like settlements facilitated this with laid-out gardens and grounds for exercise.Jean-Baptiste Godin (1817-1888) modelled his iron foundry at dissembling on the Oise on one of Fouriers phalanxes, with prevalent communal values. The residential buildings at the foundry were familistiere. The commingle of buildings and landscape was similar to the ideal Palladian relationship between the inside space and the exterior. Living standards of workers vastly improved, and by combining industry and nature the familistiere provided its inhabitants with les quivalents de la richesse (the equivalent of wealth).Figure 2-E.Howards Three MagnetsThough Owen, Fourier and Godin believed in the ideal settlement, all projects were too small a scale to eliminate urban hardship. The humankind Health Act of 1875 was the first legal action to resolve the appalling living conditions and preventing the spread of epidemic cholera in cities. The expanding sprawl of the city had pushed the countryside further away from workers in city centres. In 1898, Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) wrote the Garden Cities of tomorrow, which was the first realistic sign of a marriage between town and country to form an urban utopia. His Three Magnets diagram, showed the pull of the idyllic fresh air and low rent of the countryside, merged with the opportunities and convenience of the city into one Garden city.This utopian settlement noted the economic independence of the factory towns of Owen each city would have its own industries and farms as to be self-sufficient. The settlements would have an optimum 32,000 inhabitants on 2,000 hectacres. It had a banknote periphery enclosing a population of 30,000, the remaining would live on the agriculture belt which was ran further electrified industry. Six principal streets ran to the centre, where the main public offices were surrounded by four one-acre parks. In all, this Garden City seemed to blend, by rational means, the various demands of an expanding capitalist society and the nostalgia for communities on a human scale. Howard believed these garden cities could be built on the peripheries of a central city and be connected by rail he was opposed to the idea of these being identified as garden suburbs.After the success of the Garden Cities of tomorrow, Howard founded the Garden City Association in 1899. His first project was for a town 80 miles from London called Letchworth, with architects Barry Parker (1867 1947) and Raymond Unwin (1863 1940). In 1904, the town was realised. Unwin and Parker were associated with the Arts and Craft movement of J.Ruskin and W.Morris, which opposed machine-like design and opted for picturesque ornament grow in tradition. Letchworth was a family orientated settlement, where the monotony of street fronts was broken by the turning of houses on their split so each could command the sunniest and pleasantest view. With an amicable architecture, a high-quality street system, it had ample space with twelve houses to the acre. The elemental model by Howard had a centre of parkland and a lacked a commercial centre of a city. This design was developed by Unwin, who saw the Garden City as a proposal for planet towns of major cities. He based his first design on the city of London, and with Parker developed Hampstead Garden suburb (1905), later to be followed by Welwyn (1920).Howards model inspired builders in Sweden, the US and Australia, where the layout of the capi tal capital of Australia was influenced by this Garden City movement. It is in post-World War I that we see the 19th century ideas of Howard influence on European city planners.In mainland Europe socialist reform through housing was taking place. With a shortage of living space in the liberal city of Amsterdam, and the election of the SDAP (Socialist Democratic doers Party), the State took control of all municipal building. The Woningwet Housing Act (1902) had been a result of investigations into the living conditions of workers, the first hygienic regulations, and the interventions of scientific and philanthropic associations.The most notable developments in Amsterdam are apartments built for two socialist housing societies, Eigen Haard and De Daagard. They were both designed by Michel de Klerk (1884-1923), who had studied under H.P. Berlage (1856 1934), and who was influenced by Bruno stringent (1880-1936). De Klerk is seen as a link between the Traditionalists and the Moderni sts and had been interested by Unwins model. He was a segment of the Amsterdam school, a team who built a garden suburb project in Rotterdam. He became one of the leading Dutch architects in the Expressionism movement which reached for a romantic, soulful symbolization of honesty.

Endeavour Journal Essay Example for Free

exertion Journal EssayThis journey followed close upon the visit of the expedition on Tahiti to observe the transit of Venus. On 8 June 1769 the transit of Venus was successfully observed from three different points. After fulfilling his mission on Tahiti Cook resumed his voyage to fulfil the task given to him secretly by the Royal Society. On 7 September 1769 the Endeavour reached New Zea flat coat, which had never been visited by whatsoever European after Abel Janszoon Tasman had discovered it on 13 December 1642. Tasmans stay at New Zealand was not successful in the intend of its stripping. No trading had been done between the native Maori and Tasmans crew. The first discovery by the Dutch businessmen Tasman was only the western coastline of New Zealand, which had been mapped afterwards. The first seven days of the journal had been taking offset at Cannibals Cove where the HMS Endeavour anchored for about twenty-three days. James Cook has given the name after he had an fancy with innate people, which will be described in the following. During the stay Joseph Banks refers to several encounter with indigenous people of New Zealand.He describes the behaviour and findings in a large extend. As an example he describes the encounter of members of HMS Endeavours crew and a double canoe. They have been told that the indigenous people alienated a female child that according to their narrative had been stole and eat by some of their neighbours. some other group of crewmembers reported that they have met people who told them that they ate a child the day before. As a result of these stories Banks describes the conclusions of the crew as thefts of this kind are common for those Indians.Afterwards he tries to analyse and mensurate these stories. He assumes that the crewmembers met the same people and interpreted the stories differently which have been told by the indigenous people. besides he does not exclude this either, since families that came of to th e ship often brought women and young children in arms as if they were afraid to get around them behind. Banks interest in the indigenous people of New Zealand can also be illustrated by his encounter of an Indian family. He describes them as being affable, obliging and unsuspicious and observed any order or subordination.By making known his regret of not being able to stay with the family for one night his interest in people and their behaviour can be seen. On the following days Banks describes how the exploration of the Cook Straits took dumbfound. The officers spread their thought that the land they have been round might be an dance orchestra that is between their current position (Cook Strait) and the drape Turnagain, which they have last seen 17 October 1969. To confirm this Cook coherent the crew to sail normality until the cape could be seen.Whilst sailing in this direction HMS Endeavour came across indigenous people which in Banks journal entries are described as rich er and more cleanly than any people they have seen since their stay at the Bay of Islands 3 November 1769. This makes him believe that they might have met subordinates of the Dominions of Teratu. As it turned out they were not this kind of people and thus they had to go on sailing northward looking for a well-known transgress of New Zealand. On 9 February 1770 an important discovery had been made.Cape Turnagain came back into sight, which proved that the land, they had been visiting, is an island. Besides Banks depictions of the exploration of New Zealand and the explanation of the indigenous people in enormous detail he described Albatrosses and other animals to a small extend. His task as botanist plays a minor part during these days. By shooting Albatrosses as often as possible he tries to keep up the crew with fresh meat. The last four days of the journal at hand take place at the east coast of the future southern island of New Zealand. On 16 February 1770 Banks reports the sighting of a new island.This island will be later called Bankss Island according to the chart of New Zealand based on Cooks mapping. The fact that this is not an island but rather part of the southern island of New Zealand will be unknown for the rest of the journey. This error happened because Captain John bloodbath believed that he saw land in south eastward direction. To pursue this Cook decided to follow this direction and validate Gores assumption so that nobody should say he had left land behind unwanted. On 18 February 1770 Banks states that no land could be found and the voyage will continue in westward direction.In the journals last entry Banks describes the discovery of land that might be either part of the New Zealand or the beginning of the southern island, which they have long yearned for. What can be seen in this part of the journal is the personal conflict of Banks. Intelligence obtained by the Indians during their last anchoring stop tells them that this might onl y be an island, nevertheless Banks does not want to let go of the strong hopes that we had at last completed our wishes and that this was perfectly a part of the Southern continent.The journal at hand includes without limitation information on the discovery of the Cook Strait and exploration of New Zealand. The subsequent days of the journey will shed light on if the land they have spotted is either part of the southern continent or an island on its own. Nevertheless an outcome of this journey so far is a detailed map of northern New Zealand and the discovery of the isthmus between the northern island and the southern part. The nature of this journal is a very objective description of the happenings during the voyage.

Save water Essay Example for Free

Save irrigate EssayWATER nest egg communications protocolROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIESFinalVersion 3.0June 2009AcknowledgementsThis document has been prep ared by the discussion section of Sustainability and surroundings in quislingism with Goulburn-Murray pissing, the Northern Victoria Irrigation Renewal regurgitate (NVIRP) with technical advice go forthd by Hydro Environmental.-i-TABLE OF CONTENTS1. Introduction _______________________________________________________ 1 2. Purpose of this Document ___________________________________________ 2 3. Roles and Responsibilities ___________________________________________ 2 3.1. Project Proponent _____________________________________________________3 3.2. irrigate Corporation _____________________________________________________4 3.3. Resource Manager_____________________________________________________4 3.4. minister of religion for weewee and Associated plane sections ______________________________5 3.4.1.Department for Sustain ability and Environment ______________________________ 53.5. curate for formulatening and Community Development and Associated Departments ____6 3.6. take care for Environment and Associated Departments _________________________6 3. 6.1.Catchment Management government (Environmental Managers) _________________ 63.7. Murray-Darling landmark liberty ___________________________________________74. High Level Process Diagram for Assessing pee nest egg ________________ 7 ii 1.IntroductionThis document Roles and Responsibilities is part of the irrigate savings Protocol for the Quantification of piss system Saving Projects (the Protocol).The Protocol is a series of documents, which together, provides transparency, and consistency in the estimation and aloneocation of piss supply supply system savings derived from irrigation modernization projects. It has been developed based on the key principles in the Draft Northern Region sustainable urine Strategy and is applicable St ate-wide. The Protocol consists of technological manual for the Quantification of Water savingsRoles and ResponsibilitiesWater nest egg study ProcessThe documents that make up the Protocol is shown in go into 1. WATER SAVINGS PROTOCOL FOR THEQUANTIFICATION OF WATER SAVINGSFROM IRRIGATION MODERNISATIONPROJECTSExplanatory Note from the attendTechnical ManualForQuantification of Water savingsRoles ResponsibilitiesWater Savings size up ProcessFigure 1 Water Savings Protocol documentsThe boilers suit purpose of the Water Savings Protocol documents, including this document, is tospecify a reliable and repeatable process and system to estimate water savings from irrigation modernization projects-1-2.provide the best estimate of water savings for inclusion in economic assessments of investments in irrigation modernization projects and establish a transparent process which can be readily audited and reported on to enable actual water savings to be converted to entitlements at an suspend time.Purpose of this DocumentThe purpose of this document is to preparation out the roles and responsibilities ofthe stakeholders involve in irrigation modernisation projects. The roles and responsibilities are specifically related to the accounting, reporting and auditing of associated water savings. These roles and responsibilities are consistent with Government Policies including the legislated roles and responsibilities of the various organisations in the Water Act 1989 and the Environmental Effects Act 1978.3.Roles and ResponsibilitiesThe following sections outline the specific roles and responsibilities of the various organisations involved in water savings projects. These organisations includei.the Project Proponentii. the System floozieiii. the Minister for Wateriv. the Department of Sustainability and Environment (the Department) v. Environmental Regulator (Minister for Planning) and Associated Departments vi. Minister for Environment and Associated Departmentsv ii. Environmental Manager (Catchment Management Authority and/or Parks Victoria)viii. the Murray-Darling Basin Authority (in relation to Northern Victoria). The relationship between the above mentioned organisations and their elaborateness in water savings projects throughout Victoria can be seen schematically in Figure 2.-2-Minister forEnvironment andClimate ChangeMinister forPlanning andCommunityDevelopmentCatchmentManagement governmentWaterCorporationParks VictoriaMinister for WaterResourceManager /System operatorDepartment ofSustainability andEnvironmentMurray DarlingBasin AuthorityProject ProponentFigure 2 puritanic Water Savings Projects Key Organisations3.1. Project ProponentThe project proponent is the entity with the role of plan, designing anddelivering the irrigation modernisation project including its various water savings interventions. The role of the Proponent is toidentify water saving opportunities. ruminate and develop the scope of projects in conjunction with the holder of the system operating water entitlement.seek all necessary approvals to kit and caboodle and endorsement of their associated water savings.identify authorization environmental impacts and mitigation measures and gossip with the appropriate environmental causers at a State and Federal level. mensurate the volume of water savings to be generated by each intervention in conformism with the methodology outlined in the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings.prior to implementing the annual works program, and at reasonable intervals throughout the season if requested by the System mover, calculate the estimated slowdown water savings for the current/future irrigation season for the purpose for fit this water aside for future allocation.communicate to the System Operator, the planned annual works program and changes as they occur.implement works in accordance with the works program.-3-communicate either significant departures from the planned work s program, as it is implemented, to the System Operator.notify the System Operator and the Executive Director of Water Entitlements and Strategies (within the Department) of the volumes of water that are expected to be set aside (Interim Savings) and transferred (Long Term Savings) as result of each intervention organism implemented.calculate the actual water savings arising from the works in accordance with the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings to de end pointine both the interim and the long term water savings.report, as required, the projected interim and final water savings including any details of changes from the overall targeted volumes of water savings for the project or water savings intervention.arrange for an independent audit and report of the water savings utilising the independent auditor(s) awarded to the auditing of water savings by the independent panel in accordance with the Audit Process.advise the System Operator and Executive Director of W ater Entitlements and Strategies (within the Department) on the outcomes of the water savings audit3.2. Water CorporationThe Water Corporation is responsible for assessing system losses on the longer term to ensure longevity of water savings realised through interventions associated with irrigation modernisation projects. The System Operator is toensure water delivery run can continue to be provided to water entitlement holders on the system.on the advice of the proponent, consult with system water users impacted by the agreed project works.provide water system asset info required to enable the Project Proponent to complete interim and long term water savings projections.apply to Minister for Water to amend/transfer part of the savings as water entitlement.operate and maintain the water delivery system in accordance with the agreed project objectives and ensure accountable water savings are sustainable and maintained in the long term.3.3. Resource ManagerThe Resource Manager or S torage Operator, as specify in the relevant bulk entitlements, is responsible for managing and allocating the water resources in accordance with the bulk entitlements. This includes making and projecting seasonal determinations. The Resource Manager / Storage Operator is toprovide to the proponent, projections of annual water deliveries and allocations to enable the progressive calculation of interim water savings as the project is implemented.-4-manage and collect water delivery system go down (inflow and outflow) measurement data and make that data ready(prenominal) t the Project Proponent.ensure provision of water related data to the Project Proponent and the Department is guaranteed through a quality assurance process. Where the data has been modified or filtered, provide both the cranky and modified data including documentation of reasons for modification.at the start of each irrigation season, or progressively as agreed, set aside the amounts of water projected to be saved through the modernisation works.confirm the estimates of actual water savings provide by the Project Proponent and where necessary recommend an amendment to those savings for consideration by the Project Proponent.3.4. Minister for Water and Associated DepartmentsThe Minister for Water is responsible for the water portfolio in the State of Victoria. The Minister oversees the policy direction with the documentation of the Department. The delivery of long term water savings and ensuring government water savings targets are met is a key responsibility of the Minister. The Minister for Water has agreed to the Water Savings Framework and its associated Water Savings Protocols including its Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings and the Water Savings Audit Processes allow for, with the support of the Department, update the Protocol to ensure continual improvement and the use of the best technical buttocks available at the time.will, with the support of the Department, amend and transfer Bulk entitlements (Water Act 1989) to represent the long term water savings realised through the modernisation program.3.4.1.Department for Sustainability and EnvironmentThe Department supports the Minister for Water in the administration of the water portfolio in Victoria with respect to water recovery. The Department will support the Minister for Water in developing a Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings (Attachment 1) and the associated Audit Processes (Attachment 3).support the Minister for Water in amending and transferring bulk entitlements.recommend to the Minister for Water updates to the Protocols, particularity the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings to ensure continual improvement and the use of the best technical earth available at the time.convene a meeting with the System Operator and the Project Proponent and Department a minimum of every 6 months to review the application of the Technical Manual for the Qu antification of Water Savings in Northern Victoria.-5-arrange for a Panel to establish a list of independent auditors which whitethorn be used to audit water savings estimates and related baseline data (both interim savings on annual basis and long term savings at the end of the water savings project).establish an agreed methodology for calculating the annual Long Term Cap Equivalent (LTCE) renewal factor to be used in long term water savings estimates.provide the Project Proponent (and System Operator if requested) with the Long Term Cap Equivalent conversion factors for particular years.3.5. Minister for Planning and Community Development and Associated DepartmentsThe Minister for Planning and Community Development oversees the adherence of water savings projects to all relevant environmental legislation (both State and Federal). The Minister for Planning and Community Development willassess environmental impacts of the works and measures proposed by the Project Proponentprovided certain conditions are met, issue mean approvals for the works proposed by the Project Proponent (it should be noted that it is not the role of regulator to quantify the volume of water savings).3.6. Minister for Environment and Associated DepartmentsThe Minister for Environment is responsible for management and mitigation of any undesirable impacts of the water savings project. The Minister for Environment has a responsibility towork with environmental managers to consult on any potential environmentalimpact of works and seek multiple benefit projectsprovide advice to the Minister for Planning and Community Development on potential environmental impacts associated with worksdevelop the principles for the planning and use of Requisite (Mitigating) Water to ensure net environmental gain to the project region.3.6.1.Catchment Management Authorities (Environmental Managers)The Catchment Management Authorities (CMAs) have a charter to develop and oversee the implementation of Regional Catchment Strategies aimed at improving or at least maintaining catchment health and to, on behalf of the Minister for Environment, manage the environmental water entitlements. The role related to the environmental water entitlement includesimproving river and wetland health through the use of the Environmental Water Reserve and delivery of complementary works.working with the water savings Project Proponent to identify potential environmental impacts of the actions and potential mitigation measures proposed by the Project Proponent.-6-working with the Project Proponent and System Operator to seek multiple benefit projects and multiple project benefits.In instances where Parks Victoria is the owner or custodian of the land, the catchment responsibilities for the maintenance of catchment heath will be delivered through Parks Victoria.3.7. Murray-Darling Basin AuthorityThe Murray-Darling Basin Authority is responsible for integrated, sustainable management of water resources in the Mu rray-Darling Basin. Its role includes ensuring appropriate water diversion accounting against the Murray-Darling Basin Cap on allowable annual diversions.developing and implementing of the Basin Management Plan which will be a strategic plan for the integrated and sustainable management of water resources in the Murray-Darling Basin.Details of the future role of the Authority in relation to water savings will be resolved as part of the Basin Plan.4.High Level Process Diagram for Assessing Water SavingsThe quantification of water savings is undertaken in four separate stages or Phases of the water savings project, these phases are defined as followsPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3Phase 4The initial Business Case long term estimates of water savings for the planned program of worksThe annual pre-works estimates of interim water savings to be set aside within the water savings account.The annual post-works measurement or verification of interim water savings able to be allocated from the water s avingsaccount.The end of program assessment of the overall long term water savings achieved through the modernisation program.Each of the Phases, and the steps which are required to quantify the water savings under these Phases, is described in detail within the Technical Manual for the Quantification of Water Savings.Figure 3 schematically describes the roles and responsibilities of the above mentioned organisations in estimating, measuring, verifying, and reporting water savings associated with irrigation system modernisation programs. The interactions between each of the Phases of reporting and the required information sharing are also provided within that diagram.-7-Figure 3 High level process flow for defining, capturing reporting Water Savings in Irrigation Modernisation Project-8-